Computer Organisation
Computer is an electronic device.
Computer works are IPO cycle (input àProcessàOutput).
Computer process a certain input and provides a
specific output.
CPU (ALU,Resisters,CU ) memory ,input unit ,output unit,,storage
unit etc.
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Input Units
Input devices connected to a computer system makes its
input unit.
It is responsible to take Input and convert into computer
understable format.
Exp=keyboard ,mouse ,OMR ,OBCR,MICR,JOY STICK,camera
,bio metric ,scanner ,touch screen.
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Output Unit:
Output devices connected to a computer system makes
its output .
It is the respondibility of an output unit to produce
after processing.
Different output devices are used for different types
of Output,example:Monitor ,Projector ,speaker ,plotter.
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is the main controlling and processing unit of
computer where all calculations takes place.
CPU is also known as brain of the computer system because it directs ,guides
and controls working of computer system.
Components are :
1.Arithmetic Logic Unit-performs logical and
mathematical operations.
2.Control Unit:It control and directs every task.
3.Registers:It is the place to store data temporarily for
the purpose of correct calculation.
Memory
Memory is often
known as Primary Memory .
It is not like a human memory because data stored in
this memory automatically flushes out with power out off which can not recover
later.It is the workplace of a computer
system where data is to kept an temporarily basis for the purpose of
processing.
Smallest unit of memory is a bit .
8 bit=1 byte
1 bits =1 Nibble
1024 byte==1 Kilobytes(1Kb)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
ROM_Read Only memory.
The total time taken to access data from memory is known
as memory access time.
1.RAM-
In RAM any
memory cell can be accessed from any desiring memory Location.It is not
possible to imagine processing without RAM.
RAM supports both read and write operations.
There RAM is
divided into two parts .
Types OF RAM:
1.DRAM (dramitcal RAM)-It is basically consists of
transistors and capacitors which stores
electric charge .
As per switching of transistor ,capacitor does contain
1 bit or does not contain a charge 0 bit.
Storage density of DRAM is from 10 to 100 Giga Bits.
2.SRAM (Static RAM)-It is made up of internal flip
flops wire.
Note:1 Flip Flop is capable of storing 1 bit.
It occupies more space as compared to DRAM.
It is fast as compared to Dynamic Random Access Memory.
Now we will move forward to learn about ROM (Read only
memory ) -It is also known as permanent stored data memory.
AS its name input implies ,this memory is only for
Read operations.It is programmed at the time of hardware setting and whatever
store in this ,memory can not change later.
It is also divided into sub parts
i.Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
ii.Erasable Programmable Read only memory
iii.Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only
memory
Storage Unit-It is
required to store data in computer for the
purpose of processing in future.
Secondary Storage is used to store large amount of
data.
Example:
Hard Disk(internal,external),Pen drive,CD,DVD,Blue ray
disks,Memory card ,<agnetic Tapes.
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Softwares
Software is set of programmes which is designed for a
special purpose .Hardware can not work without software.
It behaves like an interface between hardware abd
user.Software gives directions to control various operations .
Machine language was the first system in 1 generation
.
Software is divided into two parts i.e System software
and Application software.
1.System Software-
Software that controls inner operations of a computer
system is called system software.
It follows the instructions related to system and
facilities smooth working system.It is not possible to work without system software.
And it is dived into two parts operating system ,language
processor .
i.Operating System-It is an interface between hardware and
user .It is like a manager of whole computer system .It contols all resources
of hardwares.
Types OF OS:
Single user OS
Multi user OS
Time sharing OS
Real Time OS
Multiprocessing OS
Distributed OS
ii.Language Processor
It is a special software which translates source code
to object code or machine code.
Source Code is group of instructions written by
programmer using some computer programming language.
It is divided into three parts are Assembler ,Interpreter,And
compiler.
Compiler-A Compiler convert High level language
programme is machine language .If there are errors in the programme ,it gives error list along
with the line number.
An iinterperter convert high level language into machine
language line by lien and executes converted line.It must always be present in
the memory along the program for its executer .If Error occur in line ,the line
es display and interpreter does not proceed unless the error is rectified.
2.Application software
These are the softwares designed for some specific
tasks.
These are to be installed after installation of OS
only.
OS provides environment to run an application
software.
These are divides into 4 categories.
Packages (MS office)
Utilities (Text editor, paint brush disk defragme)
Customized software (Tally business software)
Developer Tools (Software libraries).
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Mobile System Organization
Modern mobile phone is like a small computer in hand.
They gave less processing power as compared to
computer system.
Function of mobile phone -
Calling
Photo taking with camera
To works in various apps
Touch screen facility
Mobile phone recieves poer from battery.
Mobile Processor
It is the brain of smart phone
It immediately responds in recieving a command.
It has two main syb processors:
1) Communication processing unit
2)Application processing unit.
I) Camera sub system
·
It is bases on image signal
processing
·
It performs following tasks.
·
Instant image
·
High resolution support
·
Other image enhancement.
Mobile system memory
It is of two types
RAM it is available in 2GB, 4GB, 6GB, 8GB
ROM it is available in 16 to 128 GB.
Mobile storage it is an external storage and also
known as expandable.
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